5. These minerals include Ca 2+ Mg2+ Fe3+ SO42- HCO3-. The purpose of the following experiments is to study the hardness of different types of materials, and to understand the significance of this property in materials. Recently we were discussing water safety and I decided to make it into a hands on experience for the kids. Measure hardness of all 6 samples using the Brinell (3000 kg) and Rockwell A or C scales. a. 3. Potato Salt Water Osmosis Lab Report Pages: 2 (460 words) Density Of Water Experiment Lab Report Pages: 2 (467 words) Pond Water Lab Report Analysis Pages: 5 (1332 words) Reaction Of Alkali Metals With Water Lab Report Pages: 5 (1484 words) Coping With Water Scarcity, Poor Water Quality and Inadequate Sanitation Pages: 3 (818 words) Report your total hardness in ppm. VI. In your discussion, compare the results obtained between titration and test strip methods. The first step is to fill a glass with old water from your faucet. Insert the testing strip, making sure its fully submerged, and leave it for several seconds. After the designated amount of time, remove the strip. The final step is to compare the color of the strip to the color chart. More items INTRODUCTION Hard water is due to metal ions (minerals) that are dissolved in the ground water. The results show the depth of the steel is bigger than the brass followed by the indenter and the load. 4) Introduction: I. Dissolved calcium (Ca++) and magnesium (Mg ++) are the only two divalent cations found at appreciable levels in most waters. 9970| ? Hardness of water is due to the presence of dissolved calcium and magnesium salts. Around 70 percent of the earth is filled with water and only 1/3rd of water is consumable. No. Lab distilled water, iii. Answer the following questions. Different Types of Hardness Testing Methods. Without water living beings would not be able to live. 0127 0. If a lather appears that lasts for 30 seconds, stop and read the burette. Put the beaker of water on the magnetic stirrer. Water with total hardness less than 100 parts per million (ppm) of calcium carbonate is generally considered soft; water with total hardness above 300 is considered very hard. The bubbles we see, from the egg, is the carbonate that make carbon dioxide and the other calcium ions float free. The use of water purifiers can compound the problem of maintaining the desired levels of hardness. specifically for you. Circle your final answers. 7 Tips for Writing Your Lab Report Template. 3. Determination of Phosphates in Water By: David Gould In this experiment, we determined the concentration of phosphorous in an unknown sample. It is a clear blue solution of sodium and copper salts. ARM Project Home | Info for Volunteers | Results pH and Alkalinity Lake Sampling Method - River Sampling Method - Analysis Protocols - pH Electrode Maintenance **For the Mass. Write the equations for the endpoint color change of Eriochrome Black T (EBT) with Mg+2 3. Our first step was to collect our water samples. Water hardness is defined as the measured content of divalent metal cations. Water that has not been purified is what is known as hard water. Hard water can contain substances like Ca2+, Mg2+, and Fe2+. concentrationsoftened lab water, iv. 2. The calcium and magnesium ions can form a complex with an indicator called eriochrome black T. At pH 10 the complex is purp le /red. This investigation involves the application of gravimetric analysis to test samples for the amount of water hardness and calcium ions. Analysis, Pages 6 (1332 words) Views. A substance likely to appear first as a contaminant in high purity water systems is: 5. For calibration standard buffers of pH 4.00, 7.00 and 10.00 are used. When this water evaporates or boils the difficult to dissolve metal salts remain as a scaly residue. Individual Report Writing Although you may do the lab work with others, you must write the report on your own. Perform four replicate titrations.

hardness of a water source.3 Magnesium and calcium concentrations (the most abundant in water) are used to calculate water hardness by the formula: [CaCO 3] total = 2.5[Ca] + 4.1[Mg]. Anions that remove hydrogen from solution are known as: 6. We turned on the machine, and an indentation was made on the surface of the specimen. Around 2800 B.C.E, the ancient Babylon excavations uncovered cylinders with inscriptions for making soap.1 In 1500 B.C.E, records from ancient Egypt described how animal and vegetable oils were combined with alkaline salts to make soap. Essay on Lab Report on Density Measurement Introduction 1. for only $16.05 $11/page. INTRODUCTION. Here is how we did our Water Lab and our safe drinking water lesson. In presence of simple sugars, the blue solution changes color to either green, yellow or brick-red, depending on the amount of sugar. Testing for Water Hardness Background Info: Hard water has a lot of minerals (Calcium and Magnesium mainly) dissolved in it. - 2. In all sections of the paper, present tense should be used to report background that is already established. For HRD that is Hardness Rockwell use Diamond cone to be indenter with load 100kgf. 96. The aluminium is Water hardness is a Include the following information in the laboratory report. Hardness Testing Lab Report. Measure out 100 mL of the water to be tested and pour into a clean beaker. Kannan [34] divided water into three categories based on hardness values: 0 -60 mg/L soft, 61 -120 mg/L moderately hard, 121-160 mg/L is Take 100 mL standard measuring flask and place a funnel over it. Discuss This was done using standards, and then creating a calibration curve to find the unknown concentration using its absorbance. Most Cl, Br, and I salts are soluble. Water is moderately soft if the hardness is between 51 and 100 mg/l; slightly hard if it is between 101 and 150 mg/l; moderately hard if it is between 151 and 250; and hard if it is above 250 mg/l. 7.3 The Post-Lab Report. Hardness is one contaminant you will also commonly see on the report. 3 Table 1. b. 5. References 3) Abstract: I. We placed the specimen on the stand. Lab Report Testing the Hardness of Water Water is the most important molecule that exists on the Earth. This paper seeks to provide a detailed report on what should be done to ensure quality water for human consumption. Water purification defined by as the treatment of water to make it safe for human use. Water purification is a necessary process in human life. 7.2 The In-Lab Responsibility. The Determination of Water Hardness and Water Filtration Things for the lab notebook and to be included in the lab report: 1. Size of the Ball to be used in Ball Indentor of Rockwell Hardness Test. Hard water contains high amounts of calcium and magnesium. Hard water is generally problematic: It leaves deposits in pipes that clog them, reducing their efficiency. It interferes with soap lathering, meaning youll have to use a lot more soap for your laundry. 1. Water quality is evaluated using a number of parameters, including total ionic content, pH, total dissolved solids, organic compounds, and water hardness. The materials and the aforesaid property have significant use in civil engineering.

an additional sample brought from home . Total water hardness is usually expressed as the milligrams of CaCO3 equivalent to the total amount of calcium and magnesium present in one liter of water (mg/liter, i.e., ppm).

You are working in a crime lab and have been given five different white powders from the scene of a crime. The eighth and ninth plates had two different samples of water (1 mL tap and bioreactor water into 10 mL sterile dilution water) spread over it. There are many properties of water, which makes this molecule so unique. We turned the lever until the tip of the indenter touched the surface of our specimen. The introduction of your lab report is a chance for you to "hook" the reader and preview the important details you'll be talking about in the later sections of the paper. We will write a. custom essay. We will use milligrams of CaCO3 per liter (ppm) in todays lab. The Brinell hardness test method consists of indenting the test material with a 10 mm diameter hardened steel or carbide ball subjected to a load of 3000 kg. 1. 4. Then, convert the results with water hardness measures. Collect a sample of source water. You must report the average alkalinity of 2-3 titrations. Background: Various sources of drinking water, with varying levels of total hardness, and calcium and magnesium concentrations, are used by populations in different regions. Transfer it to a 100 mL standard flask and make up to 100 ml using turbidity free distilled water. Cissell, K. Chem 314 Lab Manual, University Center, MI, 2014. Various water softening techniques are used to remove the cations responsible for water hardness. Show all work and calculations to support your answers. 2 Hardness and pH. Estimation of Hardness of Water by EDTA Method 3 In the pH range 8-10, the blue form of the indicator HD2 gives a wine red complex with Mg2+: Mg+2 + HD 2 MgD + H+ (Blue) (Wine red) Now if EDTA (H2Y 2) is added to such a solution Mg2+ preferentially complexes with EDTA (since the metal EDTA complex is more stable than the metal-indicator complex) and liberates the free Lab 3 Finish your analyses. Include: Objective of Report, Location of your Tap Water, Numerical Results of Ca/ Mg/F Concentration in PPM, Water sample soft or hard? 2. 308 certified writers online. In anaerobic treatment of waste water, determination of pH is a critical factor, if the pH reduces below 5 is indicative of accumulation of acidic substances thus affecting the waste water treatment process. Water hardness for the sake of science is considered to be the general amount of dissolved calcium or magnesium that is contained within the water sample (1). EXPERIMENT 1: HARDNESS OF WATER BY EDTA TITRATION INTRODUCTION Water hardness is a measure of the amount of hard water cations in water. These hard water cations include calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc and the other polyvalent metal ions. Water hardness may Above/on/beside lab bench Eriochrome Black T, 0.5% wt/vol.

In most water samples, calcium and magnesium are the chief contributors to water hardness. Discussions 1. Water hardness is a concern for reverse osmosis systems because of its potential for: 4. Stopper the flask and shake it. You can find more details, including over 4 hours of highly detailed videos explaining the above 23 steps, in the short course Writing Science Lab Reports. 3. Determine the Charpy impact strengths of all the heat treated specimens Hardness is one contaminant you will also commonly see on the report. Water hardness can cause a buildup of minerals on surfaces such as dishes Read More Cherchar Abrasion Test Study 18563 Words | 75 Pages Include: Definition of Hardness, Total Permanent Water Hardness The term "hard water" is used to describe water that has a certain population of specific ions dissolved in it, such as Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe3+, SO42-, and PO43-. 9970 --- 1. 3. Include the correct units and the proper number of significant figures on numerical answers. distilled water. Discuss on the results for each tested specimens. Learn More. Sea water (solution B) Temporarily hard water (solution C) Boiled temporarily hard water (solution D) Boiled sea water (solution E) Read the burette. Define Hardness. Also, bottled water had lower levels of pH unlike tap water. The mineral water was used to determine metals which are magnesium and calcium catiaon concentration of hard water sample. One which people overlook is hardness.

After your conclusion in exp 15s lab report, you will discuss another major issue in which science is involved: Climate change is thought to be accelerated by carbon dioxide from coal and natural gas fueled power plants. b. 8 Sample Lab Report. Take a sample volume of 20ml (V ml). Dilute 20ml of the sample in Erlenmeyer flask to 40ml by adding 20ml of distilled water. Water hardness is defined as the measured content of divalent metal cations. We then obtained the Rockwells Hardness value of the specimens from the machine. Experiment 8 Results and Discussion Report:Quantitative Determination of Total Hardness in Drinking Water by Complexometric EDTA Titration - Free download as Word Doc (.doc / .docx), PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free.

We will write a. custom essay. discussion of possible water quality problems and appropriate treatments for these contaminants. Be sure to refer to figures and graphs in the text of your report: the first figure is Figure 1, the second figure is Figure 2, etc. Example: A student used 11.35 mL of 0.0100 M EDTA solution to titrate 25.00 mL of the sample water. Data Analysis 1. The hardness of water actually refers to the presence of divalent cations, or ions with a +2 charge. Water hardness is a value that reflects the amount of dissolved calcium, magnesium, and iron salts in water. Take 5 readings on each sample. Please use responsibly. 7.1 The Pre-Lab Report. Food Test 1: Test for Glucose with Benedicts solution Benedicts solution is used to test for simple sugars, such as glucose. A workbench in a chemistry laboratory. The range goes from 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral. CHEM 1100 2 History of Soap The discovery of soap dates back to about 6000 years ago. When making such a report, it would be virtually impossible to rely on just one explanation for your findings. Record the starting level of sulfuric acid in the buret. Applications of Rockwell Hardness A Scale, B-Scale, C-Scale. An egg is made mostly out of calcium carbonate which reacts with an ingredient in vinegar, acetic acid. Also, bottled water had lower levels of pH unlike tap water. Water hardness is commonly reported in milligrams per liter (mg/L) as calcium carbonate. 6. Unknown water 200 mL Additional question: Hard water is a major issue in which science is used solve the problem. Determine the Rockwell hardness values for each of the heat treated specimens after cleaning one of the surfaces with sand paper to remove any hard carbon deposits that may have formed on the surface. It's kind of like the first paragraph in a short story or the first act of a play. You will be determining water hard ness for the following four samples: i. In natural water, both calcium and magnesium primarily exist bound to bicarbonate, sulfate or chloride. VI. Lab 1 Prepare and standardize your calcium carbonate and EDTA solutions. Figure 1: Rockwell hardness testing machine. Nuisance contaminants may include iron, bacteria, chloride, and hardness. Discussion VII. Sterile techniques were used throughout the lab. Compute the Brinell hardness numbers and compare with the numbers read from a The Rockwell test infers the hardness from water depth of penetration and thus. Department of Environmental Protection-approved SOP, get the pdf file for lakes or for rivers** Background Information pH is a measure of the hydrogen ion concentration of the water as ranked on a scale 1043 Words5 Pages. Further information can be Table I. 2. This sample of an academic paper on Pond Water Lab Report reveals arguments and important aspects of this topic. It is one of several definitions of hardness in material science. Add 1 or 2 drops of the indicator solution. Hard water does not mix well with soaps. Name of the Experiment 1 To determine the alkalinity of a given water sample 2 To determine the acidity of a given water sample 3 To determine the pH value of the given samples of Water 4 To determine the hardness of the given water samples 5 To determine the chloride content of a given water sample The hardness of water is defined in terms of its calcium and magnesium ion content. For instance, the residue that may be in your kitchen sink, bathtub, and/or These hard ions are not always unhealthy necessarily, but there are several good reasons that we remove them. workthenhas!to!be!done!in!order!to!get!the!same!energy!quantity.! Dissolved calcium (Ca++) and magnesium (Mg ++) are the only two divalent cations found at appreciable levels in most waters. pH is a measure of how acidic/basic water is. They answered: the tap or bottled water. This lab report for chemistry example was written for an experiment to explore by how much and why does water expand when it freezes. Add 2g of calcium sulphate (or calcium hydrogen carbonate) to 20 ml of distilled water taken in C. Stir the contents of beaker C with the help of clean glass rod till calcium sulphate (or calcium hydrogen carbonate) dissolves in water.

Sometimes it is hard to do all the work on your own. What advantages or disadvantages do these techniques have over the titration method that you utilized? The Rockwell test infers the hardness from water depth of penetration and thus. The most visible example of pH is really a measure of the relative amount of free hydrogen and hydroxyl ions in the water. Experiment 6 - Pre-Lab Assessment Video. Add 1 mL of ammonia buffer to bring the pH to 100.1. I asked the boys where they would get their water from. The total hardness of water varies greatly with locality and source. Lab 2 Analyze your water samples for total hardness and for calcium. 778. Comment on any differences. 3. Course :- Water Quality Lab. For softer materials the load can be reduced to 1500 kg or 500 kg to avoid excessive indentation. Write the equation for the titration of Ca+2 with EDTA. 4) Introduction: I. water supply systems. Type of Indentor used in the Three Different Scales of Rockwell Hardness Test. Lab Report: Hard Water Purpose: The purpose of this lab is to determine whether a liquid is hard water or not. Using the result in the previous step and the volume of water titrated, calculate the alkalinity as mg CaCO 3/L water. Course code :- 701-P EXPERIMENT-1 TO DETERMINE THE ALKALINITY IN A SAMPLE OF WATER Alkalinity is a measure of the acid-neutralizing capacity of water and is usually determined by titration against sulfuric acid Mar and since these metals are usually found in the form of carbonate deposits, hardness is usually reported as total parts per million calcium carbonate by weight. At the end of this Appendix, a very abbreviated sample report is given for your reference. Learning how to write a discussion and conclusion for a lab report is not the same as learning how to write a lab report itself. Read this essays introduction, body paragraphs and the conclusion below. The concept of pH was put forward by Sorenson in 1909. pH of water indicates the hydrogen ion concentration in water. 1 Background of the Experiment Mass density describes how heavy an object is. Compare results of the hardness tests for each metal to 'book' values from a source such as the ASM Metals Handbook. Laboratory Testing Inc., near Philadelphia, PA in the United States, performs hardness testing on metallic materials. Since 2008 we have been working hard to gather the cream of the writing industry. Report the water hardness as ppm CaCO 3 of a 50 ml water sample that required 32. In drinking water, these are most commonly Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions (Water Hardness). (Lab Manual) List of Experiments Sl. mg/L or ppm Grains per gallon, gpg. Include: Objective of Report, Location of your Tap Water, Numerical Results of Ca/ Mg/F Concentration in PPM, Water sample soft or hard? 4. If the hardness ranges between 0- 50 mg/l the water is said to be very soft. 308 certified writers online. Read the following information pertaining to writing a lab report both before you begin writing and after you have completed your first draft to ensure you have followed the directions correctly. Hard water can also cause scale buildup in hot water heaters and reduce their effective lifetime. The test methods include a variety of micro hardness and macro hardness testing services, such as Rockwell, Superficial Rockwell, Brinell, Vickers and Knoop testing. Most all of the alkalinity in naturally occurring water is in the form of: 7. On the Rockwell hardness test the result showed that 21 ratio pure water-based coated mild. After tempering, the specimens can be cooled in water. An inverse relationship between various conditions, including cardiovascular disease, and hard water has Background: Hard water is the water that has a high amount of mineral in it, usually Ca2+ and Mg+. 4. Download. Chemistry question for lab report Discussion Question for Hardness of Water Formal | General chemistry what other techniques can be utilized to measure water hardness. Acceptable limits for nuisance contaminants come from the EPA Secondary Drinking Water Standards. Size: 20 ~ 25 lines II. Explain in great detail how you could easily test the substances and re-label the three bottles. for only $16.05 $11/page.

8. Label the axes on a graph, being sure to include units of measurement. Eleven water samples were collected and taken to the laboratories for physiochemical, heavy metals and microbial analyses. While it could be said that knowing the latter should help with the former, it is not always so. The molar mass of CaCO 3 is 100.09. Size: 8 ~ 10 lines II. Seven days after the plates had incubated at room temperature in a dark cupboard, the plates were examined and the colony counts tabulated. Lab tap water, ii. that the unk B tap water can be considered as hard water . Procedure for calculation of hardness of water by EDTA titration. specifically for you. Rockwell diamond indenters are prone to mature and should be planning to unify rockwell hardness test lab report conclusion as a guide tube. In natural water, both calcium and magnesium primarily exist bound to bicarbonate, sulfate or chloride. Size: 8 ~ 10 lines II. Calcium ions in household drinking water can cause problems because of their propensity for falling out of solution and building up on the inside of pipes and fixtures and the surfaces of tubs and sinks. Add 1 cm 3 of soap solution to the water in the conical flask. (V) Procedure: a) Keep the loading and unloading lever at position A which is unloading position. Discussion : In this experiment, the water hardness was determine by complexometric titration method. The calcium and magnesium hardness is the concentration of calcium and magnesium ions expressed as equivalent of calcium carbonate. Water is used for an immeasurable number of things. In lab, you will find bottles labeled A, B, C, and D. First, they can combine with other compounds to form soap scum. To determine the hardness, head to a water test lab with a water sample. 6.

Compare the size of the artifact (i.e., indentation) from each type of test. I do not assure you that all of my answers are correct. also!block!heat!being!transferred!in!boilers,!this!leads!to!the!loss!of!money!because!more! Classification of water hardness (hardness as calcium carbon-ate). On the Rockwell hardness test the result showed that 21 ratio pure water-based coated mild. How to Use Soap to Determine the Grains of Hardness in A Water Sample. Table I. Learn More. 1. Because of this, you can test for the hardness of water by looking at the amount of bubbles produced when you mix water and soap.